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Fitness:Philosophical Problems
environment evolution fitness drift measurement natural selection propensity interpretation tautology
2016/6/15
Fitness plays many roles throughout evolutionary theory, from a measure of populations in the wild to a central element in abstract theoretical presentations of natural selection. It has thus been the...
No Levels,No Problems:Downward Causation in Neuroscience
level mechanism composition scale downward causation neuroscience
2016/5/30
I show that the recent account of levels in neuroscience proposed by Bechtel and Craver is unsatisfactory, since it fails to provide a plausible criterion for being at the same level and is incompatib...
On the Validity and Invalidity of the Same Evidence Principle:Marxism's Answer to Sceptical Problems and the Gettier Problem
Sceptical problems Gettier problem Marxism Marxist epistemology
2014/3/16
As an expression of the law of causality, the Same Evidence Principle is a basic epistemological principle that informs daily life. Both sceptical problems and the Gettier problem make use of this pri...
The Crux of Crucial Experiments: Duhem’s Problems and Inference to the Best Explanation
Methodology crucial experiments Duhem
2008/4/21
Going back at least to Duhem, there is a tradition of thinking that crucial experiments are impossible in science. I analyse Duhem’s arguments and show that they are based on the excessively strong as...
THE GOODMAN PARADOX: THREE DIFFERENT PROBLEMS AND A NATURALISTIC SOLUTION TO TWO OF THEM.
Goodman paradox Hempel paradox Kitcher
2008/4/21
It is now more than fifty years that the Goodman paradox has been discussed, and many different solutions have been proposed. But so far no agreement has been reached about which is the correct soluti...
The Internal and External Problems of String Theory - A Philosophical View
String Theory Quantum Gravity Nomological Unification
2008/4/21
String theory is at the moment the only advanced approach to a unification of all interactions, including gravity. But, in spite of the more than thirty years of its existence, it does not make any em...
Theories for Use: On the Bearing of Basic Science on Practical Problems
science policy model applied research
2008/4/21
Funding policies for science are usually directed at supporting technological innovations. The im-pact and success of such policies depend crucially on how science and technology are connected to each...
Three Philosophical Problems about Consciousness and their Possible Resolution
consciusness psychology functionalism explanation
2008/4/21
Three big philosophical problems about consciousness are: Why does it exist? How do we explain and understand it? How can we explain brain-consciousness correlations? If functionalism were true, all t...
I argue that four problems that appear to be very different have the same structure. I give a unified treatment of the Doomsday Argument, Sleeping Beauty, the Fine-tuning Argument and confirmation in ...
Discussion Note: Conceptual Problems in Classical Electrodynamics
classical electrodynamics theories models
2008/4/11
I have argued that the standard ways of modeling classical particle-field interactions rely on a set of inconsistent assumptions. This claim has been criticized in (Muller forthcoming). In this paper ...
After a brief review of ontic and epistemic descriptions, and of subjective, logical and statistical interpretations of probability, we summarize the traditional axiomatization of calculus of probabil...
The word "algebra" comes from the title of a book written by the ninth-century Arabian mathematician Al-Khowarizmi. In this title, al-jebr w’ almuqabala, the word al-jebr meant transposing a quantity ...
Applicable Problems in History of Mathematics: Practical Examples for the Classroom
History of Mathematics Practical Examples
2008/4/8
Teachers have looked for really good problems,"that is, problems whose solutions require application of certain mathematical concepts and techniques, whose contents demand a certain amount of interpre...
Dilemmas in Designing Problems in ‘Realistic’ School Mathematics: A Sociological Overview and some Research Findings
Mathematics Research Findings
2008/4/7
Since a learner’s trajectory through the differentiated tracks that constitute ‘the school’ is determined partially by his or her assessed performance at key branching points, any sociology of learnin...